Assessing watermilfoil invasion effects on native macrophyte communities in North American lakes using a novel approach for macrophyte sampling

Aquatic invasive species are among the greatest threats to freshwater biodiversity. The aim of this study was understand effects two watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. and spicatum L.) on native macrophyte communities assess community response a range invasion intensities as well examine influence canopy types. We hypothesized that some would be more sensitive invasion, facilitate presence. used novel approach give better representation 3D aspect which involved employing modified quadrat sample at Connecticut lakes. Results show has significant negative effect richness. Floating does not vary with intensity, but submerged does. One species, Utricularia purpurea Walter), associated high richness rarely occurred species. results identify potential disproportionally threatened by identifying indicator examination is uncommon in aquatic ecology, suggests may have resilience overall dynamics.